home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- About one-third of the world's land consists of hot, arid
- regions. They' are located primarily in North Africa, the Middle
- East, the American Southwest, Australia, and parts of Central
- Asia. They are characterized by low average annual rainfall, low
- humidity, great variation in daytime and nighttime temperatures,
- and intense solar radiation. The soil in such areas is usually
- too poor and too dry to support much plant life. When there is
- rain, the water flowing over the ground moves faster than it
- would if the area were covered with vegetation. This rapid
- movement decreases the ground's absorption of water and causes
- not only flooding but also soil erosion.
-
- City planners working in hot and arid zones must be acutely
- aware of these and other environmental factors. Since living
- conditions in such areas are already so stressful, every effort
- should be made to design urban systems in a comprehensive way so
- that maximum comfort can be achieved for future populations.
- Planners should have specialized knowledge concerning both the
- criteria for a successful site selection, and also the types of
- urban forms that are most suitable for the site.
-
- There are several criteria for selection of sites in hot and
- arid regions. The two most important ones are worth discussing
- in some detail here.
-
- Initially, a site with relatively comfortable climatic
- conditions should be found. Here are some factors to consider.
- First, artificial lakes can cool a large area of surrounding
- land if they are located properly. The prevailing hot and dry
- winds, blowing across the lake, will pick up moisture and cool
- down by a few degrees. The lakes can be used as reservoirs for
- the city's water supply. Secondly, a site located in a valley or
- at the foot of a hill or mountain is generally warmer than one
- located at a higher elevation. This is partly because air gains
- temperature as it flows down a slope (one degree centigrade for
- every 100 metres). The highest elevations may not provide ideal
- sites, however, since they are less accessible, and the winds
- are likely to be very strong there. For these reasons, sites on
- slopes are recommended. Thirdly, if a sea is nearby, the city
- should be sited on a slope facing it if possible. This is
- because sea winds bring in humid air which acts to cool the
- area. Fourthly, in the Northern Hemisphere, any site on a slope
- facing south will receive the most intense solar radiation
- during the day. Planners will therefore prefer slopes facing
- north. Finally vegetation helps reduce wind speeds and offers
- protection against dust storms. It also lowers temperatures, as
- hot air passing through shaded areas is slightly cooled.
- Therefore, city planners will want to make provisions for trees
- and shrubs wherever possible.
-
- Once a site has been selected, planners must carefully choose
- urban forms that are most suited to it. These will vary
- according to the area's location. In areas where energy
- resources are limited, certain arrangements of streets and
- buildings can help to moderate the city's micro-climate.
-
- Energy efficient cities have existed in hot, arid zones since
- the beginnings of civilization. They have been developed and
- tested over thousands of years, and can still be found in many
- areas of the world. Unfortunately, urban designers in this
- century have largely neglected the lessons they offer. However,
- the scarcity of energy supplies is now causing many planners to
- take a fresh look at these older urban forms.
-
- Before the twentieth century, cities were almost always compact
- and densely populated, regardless of their climates. Their
- compactness made them easy to defend, reduced transportation
- requirements, increased the social unity of their populations
- (in some cases), and left more land available for agricultural
- production outside the walls. Compactness had a further
- advantage for cities in these regions: buildings of more than
- one storey, placed close together, offered maximum shade and
- broke the force of stormy winds.
-
- Planners of older arid zone cities also understood how the
- pattern of streets and their orientation towards the sun affect
- the local climate. Winding or zigzagging streets reduce wind
- force more effectively than straight ones. If the streets are
- laid out in a grid pattern, they should be diagonal to the
- east-west axis so that maximum shade can be obtained.
-
- These ideas can still be used. The arid zone city of the future
- may consist of a chain of compact units with the shopping
- centre, business areas and residential areas in separate
- locations connected by lines of transportation. The buildings
- must all be planned for maximum energy efficiency. Thus
- traditional planning ideas are combined with modern building
- designs to provide new practical approaches for the planning of
- urban areas.
-